The Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930, pushed by Republicans Willis Hawley and Reed Smoot, aimed to protect U.S. agriculture by imposing tariffs on 21,000 goods. Instead, it greatly worsened the global economic crisis after the 1929 stock market crash.
Around 30 foreign governments protested, Henry Ford called it “economic stupidity,” and over 1,000 economists begged President Hoover to stop the law—but he signed it anyway.
After the law took effect, U.S. imports dropped by two-thirds between 1929 and 1933, and exports fell by 61%. Many countries responded with their own tariffs, causing global trade to shrink by nearly two-thirds. The League of Nations’ call for a “tariff truce” was ignored.
Retaliatory tariffs acted as an accelerant to the economic crisis—a lesson that should not be forgotten.